Irrational-behavior-proof (IBP) conditions are important aspects to keep stable cooperation in dynamic cooperative games. In this paper, we focus on the establishment of IBP conditions. Firstly, the relations of three kinds of IBP conditions are described. An example is given to show that they may not hold, which could lead to the fail of cooperation. Then, based on a kind of limit characteristic function, all these conditions are proved to be true along the cooperative trajectory in a transformed cooperative game. It is surprising that these facts depend only upon the individual rationalities of players for the Shapley value and the group rationalities of players for the core. Finally, an illustrative example is given.

Exploring consumer preferences for a product is essential for the enterprise in product improvement. Many studies have been conducted in consumer preference. However, few studies have concentrated on evaluating the product and service characteristics of a specific product, to facilitate product and service improvements. This study proposes a systematic research framework for exploring major product and service features that reflect consumer preferences based on the online reviews. By creatively integrating quantitative studies of multiple linear regression and meta-analysis, this study expects to generate a feature-based preference importance ranking. Furthermore, by adopting an importance-satisfaction analysis, we can draw a matrix that is valuable in product improvement. Coupled with the preference rankings, implications for competitive strategies that facilitate product improvement can be drawn. The effectiveness of this methodology is verified by a case study of laptop on the basis of the online reviews from amazon.cn.

The experience of consumers for products has great effect on the pre-sale strategy. Based on this, the paper studies the selection and pricing of multi-channel marketing models consisting of a brewer, an electronic retailer and a traditional retailer, constructing the non-cooperative game model of brewers and retailers with equal status in four contexts. Finally, the result shows that the introduction of direct channel is beneficial to increase the brewer's revenue. When the pre-sale marginal revenue is greater than two times the average spot-sale marginal revenue, the total profit of supply chain will achieve the best under mode Ⅰ. i.e. both the brewer and e-retailer adopt pre-sale strategy.

According to the actual situation of investor network, a SE2IR rumor spreading model with hesitating mechanism is proposed, and the corresponding mean-field equations is obtained on scale-free network. In this paper, we first combine the theory of spreading dynamics and find out the basic reproductive number R0. And then analyzes the stability of the rumor-free equilibrium and the final rumor size. Finally, we discuss random immune strategies and target immune strategies for the rumor spreading, respectively. Through numerical simulation, we can draw the following conclusions: Reducing the fuzziness and attractiveness of invest market rumor can effectively reduce the impact of rumor. And the target immunization strategy is more effective than the random immunization strategy for the communicators in the invest investor network.

In order to distinguish with effect different hesitant fuzzy elements (HFEs), we introduce the asymmetrical relative entropy between HFEs as a distance measure for higher discernment. Next, the formula of attribute weights is derived via an optimal model according to TOPSIS from the relative closeness degree constructed by the discerning relative entropy. Then, we propose the concept of cocorrelation degree from the viewpoint of probability theory and develop another new formula of hesitant fuzzy correlation coefficient, and prove their similar properties to the traditional correlation coefficient. To make full use of the existing similarity measures including the ones presented by us, we consider aggregation of similarity measures for hesitant fuzzy sets and derive the synthetical similarity formula. Finally, the derived formula is used for netting clustering analysis under hesitant fuzzy information and the effectiveness and superiority are verified through a comparison analysis of clustering results obtained by other clustering algorithms.

In this paper, Noether's theorem and its inverse theorem are proved for the fractional variational problems based on logarithmic Lagrangian systems. The Hamilton principle of the systems is derived. And the definitions and the criterions of Noether's symmetry and Noether's quasi-symmetry of the systems based on logarithmic Lagrangians are given. The intrinsic relation between Noether's symmetry and the conserved quantity is established. At last an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

The calculation for the influence of high-speed railway on knowledge spillover is based on the results of global instantaneous equilibrium in the mechanism explanation of knowledge spillover. In real production, the interaction between the high-speed railway and the regional innovation system is dynamic and local. In order to simulate the impact of high-speed railway on innovation activities in the time dimension, it is necessary to simulate scenarios under appropriate parameter assumptions. Based on the interaction of economic participants, a discrete evolutionary simulation model is established, which is helpful to predict and estimate the evolution of spatial effect of high-speed railway according to the theory of cellular automata. It is concluded that high-speed railway accelerates the formation of knowledge innovation industry cluster in the region in the process of regional knowledge innovation and evolution. Under the influence of high-speed railway, the node city will gradually evolve into a regional innovation center. By comparing the production evolution of knowledge innovation system with and without high-speed railway, the results show that high-speed railway has a more significant impact on knowledge spillover in higher knowledge privatization environment. Under the background of low labor migration rate, high-speed railway has increased the potential of regional innovation to external knowledge spillover. In the case of higher labor migration rate, the convergence rate of influence of high-speed railway on the concentration of innovation is faster.

It's often the case that the supplier will provide the retailer with a permissible delay period in payments, during which the supplier charges the retailer no interest and the retailer accumulates interest earned from investment return. As a type of price reduction and an alternative to price discount, trade credit helps the supplier encourage the retailer's ordering. This paper develops an inventory replenishment model for a deteriorating item with time-varying demand and shortages, taking account of trade credit and time value of money under inflation over a finite time horizon. This model is an extension and development of the existing studies related to the inventory system considering trade credit and time value of money and offers a more general model with more flexibility and resilience to handle the situation where demand of the end market is non-decreasing with regard to time.

As a major component of urban ecological systems, the urban ecological space is an important carbon pool in the urban carbon circulation. Meanwhile, its special recreational function adds to the complexity of its carbon effects. According to the carbon process and effects of the urban ecological recreational system, the Source-Leakage-Sink-Order (SLSO) framework is proposed as the basis of the four subsystems of the system model. Consisting of 63 parameters, the system dynamics model of urban ecological recreational system is constructed by using VENSIM PLE. Then the urban ecological recreational system in Shanghai under different scenarios is simulated, and the carbon sources and sinks of the system as well as the process of carbon effects such as carbon footprints are analyzed and predicted. Research shows that due to the imbalance of the spatial pattern of ecological recreational space, the carbon sink effects of the system are quite limited. The human carbon source is the main contributor of the system's carbon sources and the carbon footprint deficit is striking. The management ability of ecological recreational space influences the carbon sink potentials of the system. In addition, the maintenance mode of ecological green space plays a non-trivial role in the composition of carbon sources.

Making optimal safety investment decisions are important for improving worker's safety level and reducing accident frequency. To study the complex relationship between safety investment and miners' behavior-based safety, we proposed the index system of the influential factors on miners' unsafe behaviors and utilized system dynamics (SD) method to construct the analysis model. Based on the empirical research on a mining company in Hunan, miners' behavior-based safety level under different investment conditions were simulated, then 12 kinds of schemes' simulation were obtained. Finally, the optimal scheme was achieved. The scheme is: Safety cost per ton of coal is 3.8 dollars, investment proportion is: Organizational management (0.44), safety climate (0.16), working environment (0.08), technological equipment (0.32). This scheme reached the target value of 90 in the 28th month, which was 9 months shorter than that of the original one. The optimized results show that increasing the behavior-based safety investment and adjusting the proportion appropriately, can improve miners' behavior-based safety level effectively.

In the analysis of economic growth factors, the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function model is used to calculate the contribution rates of influencing factors to economic growth. However, the traditional CES production function model fails to consider the staged characteristics of economic growth. Therefore, this study provides a modified model of the CES production function. With regard to its application, a new method for calculating the contribution rates of energy and other influencing factors to economic growth is proposed using a modified CES production function model. This work concludes by calculating the contribution rates of Chinese energy and other influencing factors to economic growth.

Powerful platform operators always set price limits for sellers on the platform. This paper establishes Stackelberg game models according to two pricing models when the manufacturer enters the third-party e-commerce platform and sells products online. The first is a seller-pricing model in which the manufacturer decides the online price. The second is a platform-pricing model in which the platform decides the online price. We obtain the equilibrium results for these two models and the condition that allows the manufacturer to adopt the dual-channel strategy by comparing the operation decisions and performance of supply-chain members in the two models. Results show that the dual-channel strategy of the manufacturer always decreases the profit of the traditional retailer. In comparison with the sellerpricing model, the platform-pricing model always erodes parts of the manufacturers profit obtained by the dual-channel strategy. The manufacturer will pass on the partial loss to the retailer using relative leadership in the platform-pricing model, which renders the profit of the retailer lower than that in the seller-pricing model. Also, price limits do not always bring the platform more profits; sometimes the platform is forced to set a low price.

In this study, the coordination contract of internal and external losses of supply chain under asymmetric information is studied. Firstly, the profit functions of supplier and manufacturer are established respectively. Secondly, the contract under unilateral and bilateral moral hazard is designed. Finally, a numerical example is given to analyze the coordination contract. It is proved that the overall coordination of supply chain can be achieved through loss sharing contract, and the quality level and overall profit can be improved.

To survive that is to eat and not to be eaten. Whatever its spatial and temporal level of organisation, every living system owns 7 invariant capacities (the gauge invariance paradigm). Emerging by embedments and juxtapositions of previous systems, every living system-of-systems is both dependent and independent from its new global level of organisation and past and present local situations of emergence. Mass growth governs growth phase duration. Local actors, modules of past, present and new modules of modules become mutually integrated (percolation process) into a new Whole through their merging into an ARMSADA (Association for the Reciprocal and Mutual Sharing of Advantages and DisAdvantages). Reversely (systemic constructal law) the global Whole is integrating the local parceners. Whatever the organisation level, the living systems obey the same principle of evolution and emergence, the volume and time of generation of the adult system obey a correlation: The mass controlled duration of acquisition of the reproductive capacity and the volume at its acquisition are linked by a 3/2 exponent power law. This dynamic fractal law is invariant, between and within levels of organisation. Brownian motion is the basic phenomenon of growth control: Matter and energy are exchanged at a constant flow rate. A Pareto-like relationship governs limits and limitations: Mutual survival depends on reciprocal limitations, through interactive feedbacks, for the best and for the worst. To survive that is to transform disadvantages into advantages and to avoid advantages turn to disadvantages.

As an generalization of hesitant fuzzy set, interval-valued hesitant fuzzy set and dual hesitant fuzzy set, interval-valued dual hesitant fuzzy set has been proposed and applied in multiple attribute decision making. Hamacher t-norm and t-conorm is an generalization of algebraic and Einstein t-norms and t-conorms. In order to combine interval-valued dual hesitant fuzzy aggregation operators with Hamacher t-norm and t-conorm. We first introduced some new Hamacher operation rules for interval-valued dual hesitant fuzzy elements. Then, several interval-valued dual hesitant fuzzy Hamacher aggregation operators are presented, some desirable properties and their special cases are studied. Further, a new multiple attribute decision making method with these operators is given, and an numerical example is provided to demonstrate that the developed approach is both valid and practical.

In space information networks, satellites are generally in high speed orbit motion. In order to obtain better spacial and temporal coverage performance, satellites should cooperate with each other as a constellation. Previous works on constellations mainly focus on global seamless coverage using fewer satellites. However, like most countries, it is hard for China to build ground stations in overseas, and the geostationary Earth orbit position resource is scarce. In this paper, we investigate the constellation design problem with restricted ground supporting. We first proposes a "backbone network + enhanced network" hybrid constellation design approach. Then a hybrid "4GEO+5IGSO" constellation is designed using the proposed approach, and the coverage performance of this constellation is analyzed in detail. Simulation results show the proposed approach can realize global seamless coverage only using a small number of satellites. Furthermore, the proposed hybrid constellation meets the coverage demand only relies on ground stations inside China.

The real time kinematic of global positioning system (GPS-RTK) provides precise positioning for bridge deformation monitoring and monitoring bridge health status. In order to solve the problem that the satellite signal is vulnerable to the influence of the positioning environment when monitoring bridges in the valleys and urban buildings^[1], and the problem that Kalman fusion algorithm is difficult to detect the divergence caused by interruption or wrong data^[2]. This paper proposes an improved Kalman filter fusion position method based on the BD/GPS fusion positioning. This improved algorithm introduces the environmental information. The confidence level is calculated with membership function by defining the confidence region of sensor, so as to the fusion weight coefficient is determined. This paper analyzes the performance of BD/GPS positioning in bridge monitoring through comparing the traditional fusion method with the improved fusion method. Experiments show that the improved algorithm eliminates the problem of error divergence; the average number of visible satellites in BD/GPS fusion positioning is increased by 7 compared with that of GPS single system positioning, the GDOP value is reduced by 21.83%, and the positioning error is reduced by 2.51 cm. The feasibility of all-weather monitoring in the mountains, buildings and other areas is verified, and millimeter accuracy is provided, which greatly improves the performance of bridge deformation monitoring.

The optimal decision-making of the low-carbon supply chain incorporating fairness concerns, such as the effort of reducing carbon emissions, the whole sale price and retail price, is analyzed by taking the Nash bargaining solution as the fairness reference point. The following conclusions are found. Firstly, the wholesale price is strongly influenced by the fairness concern of the manufacturer but weakly influenced by that of the retailer, although both statistically significantly. Secondly, both the manufacturer's and retailer's fairness concerns reduce carbon emissions dramatically to nearly the same extent. Thirdly, the effect of the manufacturer's fairness concern on the retail price is so tiny that it can almost be ignored, while the retailer's fairness concern changes the retail price remarkably.

In a power grid system, utility is a measure of the satisfaction of users' electricity consumption; cost is a monetary value of electricity generated by the supplier. The utility and cost functions represent the satisfaction of different users and the supplier. Quadratic utility, logarithmic utility, and quadratic cost functions are widely used in social welfare maximization models of real-time pricing. These functions are not universal; they have to be discussed in detail for individual models. To overcome this problem, a piece-wise linear utility function and a piece-wise linear cost function with general properties are proposed in this paper. By smoothing the piece-wise linear utility and cost functions, a social welfare maximization model can be transformed into a differentiable convex optimization problem. A dual optimization method is used to solve the smoothed model. Through mathematical deduction and numerical simulations, the rationality of the model and the validity of the algorithm are verified as long as the elastic and cost coefficients take appropriate values. Thus, different user types and the supplier can be determined by selecting different elastic and cost coefficients.

A classical portfolio theory deals with finding the optimal proportion in which an agent invests a wealth in a risk-free asset and a probabilistic risky asset. Formulating and solving the problem depend on how the risk is represented and how, combined with the utility function defines a notion of expected utility. In this paper the risk is a fuzzy variable and the notion of expected utility is defined in the setting of Liu's credibility theory. Thus, the portfolio choice problem is formulated as an optimization problem in which the objective function is a credibilistic expected utility. Different approximation calculation formulas for the optimal allocation of the credibilistic risky asset are proved. These formulas contain two types of parameters: Various credibilistic moments associated with fuzzy variables (expected value, variance, skewness and kurtosis) and the risk aversion, prudence and temperance indicators of the utility function.

This paper applies bootstrap methods to LM tests (including LM-lag test and LM-error test) for spatial dependence in panel data models with fixed effects, and removes fixed effects based on orthogonal transformation method proposed by Lee and Yu (2010). The consistencies of LM tests and their bootstrap versions are proved, and then some asymptotic refinements of bootstrap LM tests are obtained. It shows that the convergence rate of bootstrap LM tests is $ O((NT)^{-2}) $ and that of fast double bootstrap LM tests is $ O((NT)^{-5/2}) $. Extensive Monte Carlo experiments suggest that, compared to aysmptotic LM tests, the size of bootstrap LM tests gets closer to the nominal level of signifiance, and the power of bootstrap LM tests is higher, especially in the cases with small spatial correlation. Moreover, when the error is not normal or with heteroskedastic, asymptotic LM tests suffer from severe size distortion, but the size of bootstrap LM tests is close to the nominal significance level. Bootstrap LM tests are superior to aysmptotic LM tests in terms of size and power.

This paper deals with the effort problem under multiple risks in bivariate utility setting. We identify preference conditions to insure positive or negative effect of a background variable uncertainty on effort in the presence of other risks. We allow for the simultaneous presence of wealth and background variable uncertainties. We investigate the joint effect of two-source uncertainties on effort when two risks are either small or positive quadrant dependent. Our work extends the previous model of effort to bivariate utility framework and presents new insights into the issue of optimal effort under uncertainty.

Air transportation systems are often subject to failures or attacks induced by unexpected abominable weather or temporal airspace occupation, while complex networks have been springing up as a convenient yet efficient tool to represent and analyze various realistic complex systems such as realistic airline system. In terms of Chinese airline network formed during the spring festival timespan, structural empirical research and invulnerability simulation analysis against various deliberate attack strategies were made using complex network theory, where nodes and edges denotes domestic airports and direct flights between them respectively. The analysis results indicate: The presented airline network is a small net-work with scale-free characteristics, and correlation shows remarkable hierarchical structure and obvious assortative characteristics; The network shows obvious invulnerability under deliberate node attack, while shows partly robustness under edge attack even with obvious attack effects against various attack strategies.

Information flow retains a critical role in decision making among investors. In this paper, we employ a diffusion model based on epidemiology theory to study the rumor spreading process within investors. The paper introduce the feedback mechanism of classical control theory into the model, which helps to reflect the interaction between rumor spreaders and information supervision. Further we apply a time delay factor to give investors access to transparent information and change their behavior. Subsequently, the stability of the rumor disappearance equilibrium and the rumor existence equilibrium are analyzed and the condition for the system undergoes a Hopf-bifurcation is given. The mathematical arguments are subjected to numerical simulations to present the ideal case scenarios. The results suggest that, increase the general strength of information supervision and the proportion coefficient associated with the infected population in the short-term delay are conducive to better control.

In the current real life, systems theory is an abstract background of systems thinking, which is a part of systemic behavior. The systemic behavior is the alternative to the currently prevailing one-sidedness that puts all of humankind in danger of self-destruction due to the crucial over-sights (all the way to world wars) that unavoidably result from the current over-specialization (along with crucial, but partial insights), if the specialists fail to practice creative interdisciplinary cooperation. This contribution is a next phase of research after the contributions by Matjaž Mulej, Zdenka Ženko and Viktor Žakelj (2017) and by Matjaž Mulej, et al. (2013). Although the abstract background and thinking that the systemic behavior applies, are very necessary, theory and thinking are no longer enough for systems science to be a relevant science and practice helping humankind find the way out from the current blind alley and survive as a healthy civilization with a healthy social and natural environment. The suggestion in this contribution therefore reads: Let us systems and cybernetics scientists make/enable the transition to systemic behavior, which applies all the many theories, which are components in the background of systemic behavior in practice, next to each other and/or in synergy. Analysis, i.e., studying per isolated parts is too overlooking and one-sided to be enough. So is teaching on a single one out of several systems theories. Reality is too complex. Teaching is a part of this necessary effort, which must lead to a global peace and survival of humankind of today instead of the current hating the human descendants.

This paper attempts to evaluate the coordinated development state of the subsystems within the internet financial ecosystem in China from 2011 to 2016. Focusing on the main business modes, technological innovation, and the external environment, we select 29 indicators to construct an index system and adopt a coupling coordination degree model for evaluation. Furthermore, we use two weight calculation methods, entropy weight and principal component analysis, to ensure the robustness of the results. The empirical results show that China's internet financial ecosystem experienced five development stages from 2011 to 2016, which are moderate disorder, near disorder, weak coordination, intermediate coordination, and good coordination. Different methods of obtaining weights have little effect on the empirical results. These findings suggest that at the beginning, the coordinated development of China's internet financial ecosystem was hindered by factors including the scarcity of main business modes and the defect of technological innovation; then, with the rapid development of China's internet industry, the external environment became another drawback in coordinated development. Finally, based on the findings, we give some policy recommendations from a global perspective to achieve a sustainable internet financial ecosystem.

Using Cobb-Douglas production function with increasing returns to scale, this paper presents an intra-industry trade model which contains two factors, capital and labor. Thus, this paper extends Krugman's (1980) single-factor model to a two-factor model with the entry cost. Firstly, an equilibrium analysis of closed economy is carried out. After the condition of existence and uniqueness of equilibrium is obtained, the analytic solutions are given. Secondly, it provides an analysis on trade effects. The results show that, under setup of symmetry among firms, the intra-industry trade can only enable consumers to benefit from product diversification without making firms achieve economies of scale. Obviously, this conclusion is consistent with Krugman (1980), which thus indicates robustness of Krugman's (1980) model.

In order to analyze the impact of technological innovation and regional differences in marine economy on the development of marine economy, the paper uses the regional panel data of China's total marine production value from 2006 to 2015, and uses the Theil index to measure regional differences in the marine economy based on the logarithm of the Cobb-Douglas production function. Finally, the paper establishes a random effect panel data model for empirical analysis. The research indicates that the regional differences in the marine economy show a narrowing trend, which promotes or inhibits the development of the marine economy; The extent of the impact of regional differences in the marine economy on the development of the marine economy is inconsistent; Scientific and technological innovation in various regions has promoted the development of marine economy.

In this paper, the optimal tracking control problem for discrete-time with state and input delays is studied based on the preview control method. First, a transformation is introduced. Thus, the system is transformed into a non-delayed system and the tracking problem of the time-delay system is transformed into the regulation problem of a non-delayed system via processing of the reference signal. Then, by applying the preview control theory, an augmented system for the non-delayed system is derived, and a controller with preview function is designed, assuming that the reference signal is previewable. Finally, the optimal control law of the augmented error system and the optimal control law of the original system are obtained by letting the preview length of the reference signal go to zero. Numerical simulations are provided to verify the presented results.

Performance evaluation of expatriate technicians is an important way for multinational corporations to effectively manage their expatriate technicians, which is crucial to the technological innovation of multinational corporations. This paper designs the performance evaluation index system of expatriate technicians, which includes work efficiency, professional competence, work attitude, and personal traits. Then, based on the C-POWA operator, the evaluation method of expatriate technicians is put forward. Lastly, using the index and method of evaluation of expatriate technician, four expatriate technicians' performance are evaluated, and the results reveal that the index and method we put forward are scientific and practical.

We used the basic principles of game theory to investigate development strategies for standards of professional competence in universities in the same geographic area, under conditions of non-uniform distribution of social demand preference. The results revealed that, under various conditions in our model, different approaches for differential strategies were selected by university U₂ compared with university U₁. Specifically, in the competition between U₁ and U₂, there is a differential strategy compression point of U₂ to U₁; When U₂ universities choose the biggest differentiation strategy, university U₁ also have differentiated strategy control points. Arbitrary decision-making of university U₁ in relation to university U₂ was based on the requirements of professional competence standards, according to the change of the social demand for professional competency standard, universities U₂ will adopt the strategy of "no difference", "maximum differentiation" and "comprehensive intermediate strategy", respectively. The current results have theoretical implications for the selection of professional development and professional competence development strategies in asymmetric universities operating in the same geographic area.

In grey models, GM(1, 1) is an important prediction model. The grey model GM(1, 1) has good prediction results in the case original data change exponentially at a low speed. However in practical cases sometimes, original data show exponential changes or approximately exponential changes change at a high speed. In these cases, the grey model GM(1, 1) has poor prediction results because the data fail to meet the laws of traditional model. Therefore, the paper proposes an extended grey model GM(1, 1, e^bk) and its modeling method. In the final section, the paper builds grey models of GM(1, 1, e^bk) for a practical problem and the results show the grey model proposed has greatly improved simulation and prediction accuracy compared with the traditional model.

The empirical investigation that examines the dynamics including the interaction between consumption of energy and economic progress has long been assessed. However, the interaction of these two in developing countries in general and Bangladesh, in particular, is a less explored subject. Hence, with this notion, this study examined the causal relationship among economic growth and energy consumption in Bangladesh. For this purpose, the study used energy consumption, gross domestic product (GDP), labor force, and capital data from 1981 to 2017 from different sources and data is analyzed by augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test, Johansen co-integration test and Granger test of causality. Results determine that energy consumption and economic growth have long term bi-directional relationship. The econometric model is estimated using generalized least squares (GLS) model. It is concluded that, consumption of energy and economic growth positively correlated and economic development highly depend on energy consumption in Bangladesh.

Against the background of the rapid growth of Chinese tourists to Japan, by observing the changes in the patterns of Chinese visitors to Japan and probing into the insufficiency of researches in the past studies, it is believed that online travel reviews can be used to present the current situation of tourism industry and be of value to provide the basic data for long-term sustainable research after analysis, including how to increase Chinese tourists' satisfaction continuously and how to promote the service level of related industries. In this study, the unknown information caused by the cultural and regional differences in the reviews of Chinese visitors' to Japan is taken as the prediction object and the local tourists' travel comments as a reference group. Then, the factor decomposition technology and text mining technology are applied to predict the standards of services and projects that can meet the characteristics and demands of Chinese tourists. The comments of Chinese and Japanese tourists who stayed at hotels in the Hakone scenic area from May 2018 to April 2019 (time span: one year) are taken as the samples in this study. Thus, the disparity in the purpose of travel between Chinese tourists and Japanese local tourists in this scenic spot can be effectively displayed. Besides, it also clearly points out that due to a lack of understanding of Japanese food culture, Chinese visitors were in urgent need of relevant services and assistance. Therefore, this method will provide guidance for the growth of the local tourism industry and also demonstrate the feasibility of research methods. In the end, a complete analysis and calculation method for online comment text mining is established, which also provides guidance on improving the satisfaction of Chinese visitors to Japan. Besides, this method can also be considered to apply in more tourists with the same cultural background.

Nonlinear constrained optimization problem (NCOP) has been arisen in a diverse range of sciences such as portfolio, economic management, airspace engineering and intelligence system etc. In this paper, a new multiobjective imperialist competitive algorithm for solving NCOP is proposed. First, we review some existing excellent algorithms for solving NOCP; then, the nonlinear constrained optimization problem is transformed into a biobjective optimization problem. Second, in order to improve the diversity of evolution country swarm, and help the evolution country swarm to approach or land into the feasible region of the search space, three kinds of different methods of colony moving toward their relevant imperialist are given. Thirdly, the new operator for exchanging position of the imperialist and colony is given similar as a recombination operator in genetic algorithm to enrich the exploration and exploitation abilities of the proposed algorithm. Fourth, a local search method is also presented in order to accelerate the convergence speed. At last, the new approach is tested on thirteen well-known NP-hard nonlinear constrained optimization functions, and the experiment evidences suggest that the proposed method is robust, efficient, and generic when solving nonlinear constrained optimization problem. Compared with some other state-of-the-art algorithms, the proposed algorithm has remarkable advantages in terms of the best, mean, and worst objective function value and the standard deviations.

The occupational identity of nonexecutive directors exerts a considerable influence on their way of designing and distributing executive pay as well as ordinary employee pay in the focal firm. Integrating the status characteristics theory into the corporate governance literature, I theorize that status contest effect comes into play in the process of setting executive pay in the focal firm, specifically when its nonexecutive directors serve as executives on stakeholders. More often than not, such executive identity triggers the status competition with focal firm executives, which motivates nonexecutive directors to reduce the focal firm executive pay so as to secure and aggrandize their own status within the focal firm. However, since ordinary employees pose no threat to nonexecutive directors in the focal firm, they tend to increase ordinary employee pay. Basing upon the empirical test which adopts the data of China's Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed firms, I find that the greater the focal firm's nonexecutive director ratio, the less will be the top executives' pay in the focal firm; the greater the focal firm's nonexecutive director ratio, the greater will be ordinary employees' pay in the focal firm; the greater the focal firm's nonexecutive director ratio, the smaller will be the pay gap between top executives and ordinary employees in the focal firm. In addition, I also find that ownership power and gender can moderate the relationship between nonexecutive director ratio and executive pay: top executive ownership can alleviate the negative relationship between focal firm's nonexecutive directors and top executives' pay; female nonexecutive directors are more likely to increase focal firm's ordinary employee pay than their male counterparts.

Investigating the indirect tax burden of residents is an important way of understanding the effect of tax on income distribution and the tax burden transfer. In this paper, a long term MRIO model is constructed by using the regional input-output tables in China. We simulate the flow of valueadded tax, consumption tax and business tax in different departments of 30 provinces (except Tibet) in mainland China from the perspective of rows in the IO table, we obtain the real burden of three indirect taxes on urban residents, and discuss the transfer of tax burden among regions. The conclusions are as follows: There are large differences in tax burden among regions. The real tax burden shifted from the eastern region to the middle and the western regions. Indirect tax aggravates the income inequality of urban residents in different regions. The indirect tax in China has a certain degree of regression. Based on the empirical analysis, we think the government should make the following policy changes: 1) Giving more consideration to the consumption terminals; 2) Adjusting preferential policies of regional taxation; 3) Increasing the amount of preferential policies for the western region.

Currently, most of the policies for the dynamic demand vehicle routing problem are based on the traditional method for static problems as there is no general method for constructing a real-time optimization policy for the case of dynamic demand. Here, a new approach based on a combination of the rules from the static sub-problem to building real-time optimization policy is proposed. Real-time optimization policy is dividing the dynamic problem into a series of static sub-problems along the time axis and then solving the static ones. The static sub-problems' transformation and solution rules include: Division rule, batch rule, objective rule, action rule and algorithm rule, and so on. Different combinations of these rules may constitute a variety of real-time optimization policy. According to this general method, two new policies called flexible G/G/m and flexible D/G/m were developed. The competitive analysis and the simulation results of these two policies proved that both are improvements upon the best existing policy.